Envelopes - General

Envelope generators are used to control several important sound parameters in analog synthesizers, such as pitch, volume, filter frequency etc. Envelopes govern how these parameters should respond over time - from the moment a note is struck to the moment it is released.

Standard synthesizer envelope generators have four parameters; Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release (ADSR).

There are three envelope generators in the Subtractor, one for volume, one for the Filter 1 frequency, and one modulation envelope which has selectable modulation destinations.

The ADSR envelope parameters.

Attack

When you play a note on your keyboard, the envelope is triggered. This means it starts rising from zero to the maximum value. How long this should take, depends on the Attack setting. If the Attack is set to “0”, the maximum value is reached instantly. If this value is raised, it will take time before the maximum value is reached.

For example, if the Attack value is raised and the envelope is controlling the filter frequency, the filter frequency will gradually rise up to a point each time a key is pressed, like an “auto-wha” effect.

Decay

After the maximum value has been reached, the value starts to drop. How long this should take is governed by the Decay parameter.

If you wanted to emulate the volume envelope of a note played on a piano for example, the Attack should be set to “0” and the Decay parameter should be set to a medium value, so that the volume gradually decreases down to silence, even if you keep holding the key down. Should you want the decay to drop to some other value than zero, you use the Sustain parameter.

Sustain

The Sustain parameter determines the level the envelope should rest at, after the Decay. If you set Sustain to full level, the Decay setting is of no importance since the volume of the sound is never lowered.

If you wanted to emulate the volume envelope of an organ, you theoretically only really need to use the Sustain parameter set to full level, as a basic organ volume envelope instantly goes to the maximum level (Attack “0”) and stays there (Decay “0”), until the key is released and the sound instantly stops (Release “0”).

But often a combination of Decay and Sustain is used to generate envelopes that rise up to the maximum value, then gradually decreases to finally land to rest on a level somewhere in-between zero and maximum. Note that Sustain represents a level, whereas the other envelope parameters represent times.

Release

Finally, we have the Release parameter. This works just like the Decay parameter, except it determines the time it takes for the value to fall back to zero after releasing the key.

Amplitude Envelope

The Amplitude Envelope is used to adjust how the volume of the sound should change from the time you press a key until the key is released. By setting up a volume envelope you sculpt the sound’s basic shape with the four Amplitude Envelope parameters, Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release. This determines the basic character of the sound (soft, long, short etc.).

Filter Envelope

The Filter Envelope affects the Filter 1 Frequency parameter. By setting up a filter envelope you control the how the filter frequency should change over time with the four Filter Envelope parameters, Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release.

Filter Envelope Amount

This parameter determines to what degree the filter will be affected by the Filter Envelope. Raising this knob’s value creates more drastic results. The Envelope Amount parameter and the set Filter Frequency are related. If the Filter Freq slider is set to around the middle, this means that the moment you press a key the filter is already halfway open. The set Filter Envelope will then open the filter further from this point. The Filter Envelope Amount setting affects how much further the filter will open.

Filter Envelope Invert

If this button is activated, the envelope will be inverted. For example, normally the Decay parameter lowers the filter frequency, but after activating Invert it will instead raise it, by the same amount.

Mod Envelope

The Mod Envelope allows you to select one of a number of parameters, or Destinations, to control with the envelope. By setting up a modulation envelope you control the how the selected Destination parameter should change over time with the four Mod Envelope parameters, Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release.

The available Mod Envelope Destinations are as follows:

| Destination	| Description
Osc 1	Selecting this makes the Mod Envelope control the pitch (frequency) of Osc 1.
Osc 2	Same as above, but for Osc 2.
Osc Mix	Selecting this makes the Mod Envelope control the oscillator Mix parameter. Both oscillators must be activated for this to have any effect.
FM	Selecting this makes the Mod Envelope control the FM Amount parameter. Both oscillators must be activated for this to have any effect.
Phase	Selecting this makes the Mod Envelope control the Phase Offset parameter for both Osc 1 and 2. Note that Phase Offset Modulation (Subtraction or Multiplication) must be activated for this to have any effect.
Freq 2	Selecting this makes the Mod Envelope control the Frequency parameter for Filter 2.